Circuit simulations are great because you can experiment with circuits and make changes with almost no effort. In Circuit VR, we look at circuits using a simulator to do experiments without having to ...

In the last Circuit VR we looked at some basic op amp circuits in a simulator, including the non-inverting amplifier. Sometimes you want an amplifier that inverts the signal. That is a 5V input ...

In a balanced op-amp circuit, the op-amp inputs see equal impedances looking into the circuit. Balanced circuits provide better performance by cancelling some input errors and have a simple R F /R I ...

My hands-on introduction to operational amplifiers was in 1969 while in the army as a junior scientist in the Atmospheric Science Laboratory at the White Sands Proving Grounds. We had taken a ...

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is an efficient method for controlling the light intensity of a lamp or the speed of a simple DC motor. It lets you take advantage of the load's inertia by switching the ...

A subject rarely found in circuit design textbooks is the matter of nonlinear junction capacitance, especially reverse-bias junction capacitance, also called depletion capacitance. When it is ...

It is important to consider the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for analog test and measurement, as well as other electrical engineering activities, as it helps ensure that critical electrical ...

The linearity of triangular waveforms makes triangular wave generators useful in many “sweep” circuits and test equipment. For example, switched-mode power supplies and induction motor-control ...